Hammer of the Scots - translation to spanish
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Hammer of the Scots - translation to spanish

KING OF ENGLAND
Edward I; Edward Longshanks; King Edward I; Edward 1; Edward I (England); Hammer of the Scots; Hammer of the scots; Edward I Plantagenet; Edward the First; Edward the Longshanks; Edward I Longshanks; King Edward I of England; Edward I, King of England; Edward i of england; Lord Paramount of Scotland; Overlord of Scotland; King Edward 1st; Edward I Longshanks of England; Edward Longshanks, Hammer of the Scots; Edward I, King of the English; Longshanks; Malleus Scotorum; Edw. 1; The Lord Edward; King Longshanks; Long shanks; Edward Long shanks; King Long shanks
  • [[Caernarfon Castle]], one of the castles erected in Wales during the reign of<br/>Edward I
  • Edward&nbsp;I (right) giving homage to [[Philip&nbsp;IV of France]] (left). As [[Duke of Aquitaine]], Edward was a [[vassal]] of the French king.
  • Edward II}}
  • p=22}}.</ref>
  • Stone sculptures of Edward (left) and Eleanor (right) at [[Lincoln Cathedral]]
  • groat]]s of Edward&nbsp;I (4&nbsp;[[pence]] coins). On the left the obverse shows a head with a coronet. The surrounding text says, in abbreviated Latin, "Edward, by the grace of God king of England". The reverse shows a cross and the text "Duke of Aquitaine and Lord of Ireland", and "Made in London".
  • [[Long cross penny]] with portrait of Edward, struck in London
  • p=plate 14}}.</ref>
  • Burgh Marsh]]. This structure replaced an earlier one and is said to mark the exact spot where he died.
  • Evesham]]
  • Mongols}}
  • Bishop [[William Stubbs]], in his ''Constitutional History'' (1873–78), emphasised Edward&nbsp;I's contribution to the English constitution.
  • pp=n13, 77}}</ref>
  • A 1290 seal of Edward I
  • Remains of Edward I, from an illustration made when his tomb was opened in 1774
  • Kingdom of England}}

Hammer of the Scots         
Martillo escocés, apodo dado al Rey Eduardo I de Inglaterra (1239 - 1307) que sometió a los galeses e hizo reconocer su soberanía en Escocia antes de emprender la conquista del país
hammer throwing         
  • The traditional [[Highland games]] version of the event
  • The contemporary version of the hammer throw
  • Men's Hammer Throw Final – 28th Summer Universiade in [[Gwangju]], China, 2015 (Polish thrower [[Paweł Fajdek]] from Poland)
  • Scottish hammer throw illustration from Frank R. Stockton's book ''Round-about Rambles in Lands of Fact and Fancy''
THROWING EVENT IN TRACK AND FIELD COMPETITIONS
Hammer throwing; Hammer Throw; Hammer-Throwing; Hammer thrower; Hammerthrow; Throwing hammer
(n.) = lanzamiento de martillo
Ex: The author focuses on five sports in which women are relative newcomers: boxing, ski jumping, hammer throwing, triple jump and pole vault.
Mary Queen of Scots         
  • Francis]] in [[Catherine de' Medici]]'s [[book of hours]], {{circa}} 1574. [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], Paris.
  • Robert Beale]]
  • [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell]]
  • William Cecil]] shortly after the murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, 1567
  • p=14}}</ref>
  • Embroideries]] by Mary are also kept in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] ([https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O137608/the-marian-hanging-hanging-mary-queen-of/ Marian Hangings], [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?listing_type=&offset=0&limit=15&narrow=&extrasearch=&q=Oxburgh+Hangings&commit=Search&quality=0&objectnamesearch=&placesearch=&after=&after-adbc=AD&before=&before-adbc=AD&namesearch=&materialsearch=&mnsearch=&locationsearch= Oxburgh Hangings]) and [[Hardwick Hall]].</ref>
  • Mary's royal arms from the [[Tolbooth]] in [[Leith]] (1565), now in [[South Leith Parish Church]]
  • p=183}}</ref> Portrait by [[François Clouet]], 1560.
  • Mary in captivity, by [[Nicholas Hilliard]], ''c.'' 1578
  • A portrait of Mary from the latter half of the 16th century
  • Mary depicted with her son, [[James VI and I]]; in reality, Mary saw her son for the last time when he was ten months old.
  • Lord Darnley]]
  • inescutcheon]] of England.
  • coat of arms of Scotland]]; reverse, [[royal monogram]]
  • A copy of Mary's effigy, [[National Museum of Scotland]]. The original, by [[Cornelius Cure]], is in [[Westminster Abbey]].
  • A drawing of the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, 14–15 October 1586, in the great hall of [[Fotheringhay Castle]], [[Northamptonshire]], where she was later beheaded.
QUEEN OF SCOTLAND FROM 1542 TO 1567
Mary Queen of Scots; Mary queen of Scots; Queen of Scots Mary; Mary, queen of Scots; Queen Mary I of Scotland; Queen of Scots Mary Stewart; Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots; Mary (Queen of Scots); Mary I (Scotland); Mary queen of scots; Mary I, Queen of Scots; Mary Queen Of Scots; Queen Mary Stuart; Mary Stuart Queen of Scots; Mary I of Scotland; Máiri, Queen of Scots; Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots); Mary, Queen of Scotland; Mary, Princess of France and Scotland
n. Reina Mary de Escocia, Mary Stuart (1542-1587), reina de Escocia desde 1542 hasta 1567

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Wikipedia

Edward I of England

Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he was Lord of Ireland, and from 1254 to 1306, he ruled Gascony as Duke of Aquitaine in his capacity as a vassal of the French king. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward. The eldest son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was held hostage by the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward left to join the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1270. He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey.

Edward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of several feudal liberties. The law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law, but the King's attention was increasingly drawn toward military affairs. After suppressing a minor conflict in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second one in 1282–83 with its conquest. He then established English rule, built castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. After the death of the heir to the Scottish throne, Edward was invited to arbitrate a succession dispute. He claimed feudal suzerainty over Scotland and invaded the country, and the ensuing First Scottish War of Independence continued after his death. Simultaneously, Edward found himself at war with France (a Scottish ally) after King Philip IV confiscated the Duchy of Gascony. The duchy was eventually recovered but the conflict relieved English military pressure against Scotland. By the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and this met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son Edward II a war with Scotland and other financial and political burdens.

His temperamental nature and height made Edward an intimidating figure and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries, although he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians are divided in their assessment of Edward; some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, but others have criticised his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Edward is credited with many accomplishments, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III and establishing Parliament as a permanent institution, which allowed for a functional system for raising taxes and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often condemned for his wars against Scotland and for expelling the Jews from England in 1290.